• Mathematical notions of a wave field (gradient, divergence and curl)
• Fundamental laws of electromagnetism (static and variable regime)
• Direct-current (DC) resistivity exploration method (theoretical aspects)
• ERT imagery using different types of geometries (Wenner, Schlumberger…)
• Electromagnetic waves in a material medium
• Low frequency approximation (EM diffusion equation)
• CSEM, MT and AMT methods (applications to Oil and gas exploration)
• High frequency approximation (EM propagation equation)
• GPR method, acquisition and processing of the data
• Applications of GPR in geology, archeology, hydrology or environmental

The aim of this course is, at first, to present the physical principles underlying the exploration of the subsoil by direct-current (DC) resistivity method and electromagnetic (EM) methods. Some mathematical notions (gradient, divergence and curl) are presented briefly at the beginning. Afterwards the main DC and EM techniques (ERT, CSEM, MT and GPR) are presented and are then developed as the theoretical concepts are acquired. Students will be able to apply these methods in different fields such as: oil and gas, geological, archaeological, hydro geological or environmental.